Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Overlap in Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure

In this contemporary cohort of US patients hospitalized for HF, most patients had multiple additional overlapping CKM conditions. Increasing CKM multimorbidity was independently associated with stepwise increases in mortality and readmission risk. Although these associations spanned the EF spectrum, the prognostic impact of CKM multimorbidity was greatest in HFrEF and least in HFpEF.

Corresponding Author: Stephen J. Greene, MD, Duke Clinical Research Institute, 300 W Morgan St, Durham, NC 27701 (stephen.greene@duke.edu).

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