Occurrence of Psychosis and Bipolar Disorder in Individuals With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treated With Stimulants

What is the occurrence of psychosis or bipolar disorder (BD) in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) following stimulant treatment?This systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 studies encompassing 391 043 participants found that the risk of psychosis and BD was nonnegligible in individuals with ADHD treated with stimulants. Occurrence of psychosis was higher in those treated with amphetamines compared to methylphenidate.A heterogeneous but nonnegligible occurrence of psychosis and BD following stimulants warrants psychoeducation, systematic monitoring, and appropriate management strategies.

Corresponding Author: Gonzalo Salazar de Pablo, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology gonzalo.salazar_de_pablo@kcl.ac.uk).

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