Age at Iatrogenic Menopause and Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality

In this study, iatrogenic menopause was associated with higher cardiovascular morbidity, most consistently stroke, and with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality excesses before age 45 years at menopause. Older age at iatrogenic menopause was associated with progressively lower risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, supporting a period of elevated risk before age 45 years rather than a single threshold age.

Corresponding Author: Punith Kempegowda, PhD, Department of Applied Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom (p.kempegowda@bham.ac.uk).

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